Patient characteristics can be disease symptoms {diagnosis}|.
Patients can supply feces {stool, feces}|.
Physical and mental disease features are in groups {syndrome, medicine}|.
Examinations include listening to chest and abdominal sounds {auscultation}|.
To discover breast lumps, with arms lowered then raised, look for breast-size, shape, or contour changes {breast examination}. Look for skin puckering or dimpling. Press nipple and look for discharge. Lie down on bed, put pillow under shoulder, put same-side hand under head, and then press against breast with small circular motions to detect lumps. Put same-side arm at side, and feel in armpit and breast to detect lumps. Examine one week after menstrual period. If you feel lumps, they are probably not cancerous but go to doctor to be sure.
Legs can be in stirrups for external-genitalia examination {pelvic examination}, cervix and vagina visualization through speculum, and uterus and ovary palpation. Pelvic examinations should be once a year.
Tapping chest {percuss}| checks lung function.
Exams {eye exam} can test for cataracts, glaucoma, and macular degeneration.
Axis
Axis is degrees at which to put cylindrical lens to give patient best vision. Axis is from 1 to 180 degrees.
Sphere
At Axis degrees, Sphere is diopters that give patient best vision. Plano or Pl {Plano} equals 0 diopters.
Cylinder
For Axis degrees plus or minus 90 degrees in the perpendicular direction, Cylinder is diopters that give patient best vision.
diopters
Sphere and Cylinder state lens strength in positive or negative diopters. Positive lenses enlarge, and negative lenses diminish. Lens strength is sum of Sphere diopters and Cylinder diopters. Higher positive is stronger. High-minus means lens is thicker at edge. High-plus means lens is thicker in middle.
Lens diopters add to eye diopters to result in total diopters. Nearsighted eyes have negative diopters, and glasses have positive diopters. Farsighted eyes have positive diopters, and glasses have negative diopters.
Prism and Base
Prism and Base can correct eye-muscle-problem altered eye orientations, but eye exams typically do not need to measure them.
Oval faces have rounded foreheads and chins, and chins and foreheads are similar in size {face shapes}. Rounded faces have circular foreheads and chins, and chins and foreheads are similar in size, with full cheeks. Square faces have wide foreheads, cheeks, and jaws, with angular jaws. Triangle faces have wider foreheads with small and rounded chins.
frames
Oval faces need geometric or round frames. Rounded faces need rectangular, navigator, square, or geometric frames. Square faces need round or oval frames. Triangle faces need square, navigator, rectangular, or geometric frames.
Dilating pupil {pupil dilation, eye}| {dilation, eye} allows looking at retinal periphery.
Prescriptions give lens shape for right eye {oculus dexter} (O.D.). For bifocals, prescription states distance vision (D.V.) and near vision (N.V.).
Prescriptions give lens shape for left eye {oculus sinister} (O.S.).
Because diopters add, the same prescriptions can have two forms. Cylinder can be always positive {plus-cylinder form}.
Because diopters add, the same prescriptions can have two forms. Cylinder can be always negative {minus-cylinder form}. For minus-cylinder form, Sphere is higher, and Axis is 90 degrees less or more than plus-cylinder form.
Lenses {glasses} can be single vision for near or far focus, bifocal, or trifocal.
material
Lenses can be glass, plastic, high-index, or polycarbonate. Glass is heavy and does not absorb UV light. Plastic is light but does not absorb UV light. High-index combines plastic and polycarbonate and absorbs UV light. Polycarbonate absorbs UV light.
polarization
Lens polarization can reduce glare.
coating
Scratch-resistant coatings are harder than plastic. Anti-reflective coatings reduce reflections. UV protection coats glass or plastic to absorb UV light. High-index and polycarbonate do not need UV coating, because they absorb ultraviolet light.
shape
Lenses have flat surfaces outside and curved surfaces towards eye, in meniscus shape.
shape: Spheric
Spheric means inner and outer surfaces are spherical, and outer surface has more curvature. Aspheric means spherical lenses have non-spherical edges, to maintain clear vision through lens edges.
shape: Atoric
Atoric means inner and outer surfaces change from spherical, and outer surfaces have less curvature.
frames
Oval frames have oval lenses. Geometric frames have oval tops and circular bottoms. Round frames have circular lenses. Square frames have square lenses. Rectangular frames have rectangular lenses. Navigator frames have trapezoid lenses slanted along nose. Aviator frames have trapezoid lenses with curved lower edges. Frames can be plastic or metal, including titanium. Colors are silver, gold, brown, black, and red.
Lenses {bifocal lens}| can have higher magnification for reading in bottom half and regular magnification for driving in top half.
Glasses {trifocal lens} can have reading in bottom third, computer in middle third, and driving in top third, or be progressive trifocals with no lines between thirds.
People can use lenses {contact lens}| that adhere to cornea. Contact lenses are safer in contact sports and are good lenses for magnifying and for correcting astigmatism. They can clean at night. People can replace soft lenses yearly, quarterly, monthly, or weekly. They fit closer to eye and so move less and fall out less. Soft lenses can be daily-wear or extended-wear. Rigid gas-permeable lenses are harder and allow sharper vision.
Devices {sphygmomanometer}| can measure blood pressure in arm.
Instruments {stethoscope}| can help listen to heart.
People can examine dead bodies for diseases or criminal acts {autopsy}|.
Surgical procedures {biopsy}| can remove small tissue pieces from inside body using large needles.
Instruments {endoscopy}| can provide light when inserted in incision or opening for viewing stomach, duodenum, and esophagus.
Displays {karyotype}| can show chromosomes.
Allergy tests {patch test}| can be on skin.
Instruments {proctoscopy}| {colonoscopy} {sigmoidoscopy} can view colon directly. Feces can have blood, indicating colon cancer or hemorrhoids.
X-rays {roentgenogram}| can check lungs for degeneration and bones for fractures.
Tests {Schick test}| can check immunity to diphtheria.
Allergy tests {scratch test}| can be on skin.
Tuberculosis tests {tuberculin test} are at one year old and once a year thereafter.
Tests {Wassermann test}| can be for syphilis.
Fluorescein can check blood vessels for leaks or hemorrhage {angiography}|.
Kidney disease, liver disease, diabetes, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, and cells cause blood changes {blood, tests}.
kidney disease
Kidneys excrete blood nitrogen {blood urea nitrogen} (BUN) in urea. Kidneys excrete muscle-catabolism product {creatinine}. Kidneys have filtration rate {estimated glomerular filtration rate} (eGFR). Tests {BUN/creatinine ratio} can measure dehydration.
liver disease
Hemoglobin catabolism products {bilirubin} can indicate liver or gall-bladder problems. Other tests are liver protein {albumin, blood test}, liver and immune-system protein {globulin, blood test}, liver or kidney imbalance {albumin/globulin ratio}, liver disease or inflammation {aminotransferase} (AST) {alanine aminotransferase} (ALT), and bile duct, liver, or bone metabolism {alkaline phosphatase}.
diabetes
High glucose concentration after fasting indicates diabetes.
electrolytes
Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and carbon-dioxide concentrations can indicate thyroid and adrenal diseases.
proteins
High protein concentration {total protein} indicates inflammation, infection, or bone disease. Low hemoglobin concentration indicates anemia. High hemoglobin concentration indicates polycythemia.
lipids
Triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are lipid tests. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is total minus high-density minus triglycerides divided by 5. Total cholesterol can divide by HDL {chol/HDLC ratio}.
cells
Few precipitated cells in hematocrit indicate anemia. Platelet concentration {platelet count} indicates clotting problems. White blood cells include neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Other tests are cell concentration {complete blood count} (CBC) {red blood cell count} {white blood cell count}, red-blood-cell volume {mean corpuscular volume} (MCV), hemoglobin in red blood cells {mean corpuscular hemoglobin} (MCH) {mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration} (MCHC), red-cell volume variation {red cell distribution width} (RDW), and platelet age {mean platelet volume} (MPV).
Methods {cardiogram}| measures heart signals.
Blood proteins {C-reactive protein} (CRP) {high sensitive C-reactive protein} (hs-CRP) can indicate chronic inflammation and correlate with atherosclerosis.
Devices can measure heart electric signals {electrocardiogram}| (ECG).
Instruments {colposcope} can be for direct cervix observation {colposcopy}.
Hormone tests {female hormone test} can look for approaching menopause.
Breast X-rays {mammography}| can detect breast cancer.
Speculums can collect cervical cells {Pap smear}| for examination for cancer, recommended once a year or two.
Breast-cancer detection can be by temperature {thermography}.
Before 13 weeks, testing maternal blood serum can check protein level {pregnancy-associated plasma protein A} (PAPP-A). Testing includes checking human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
At 10 to 13 weeks, testing placenta {chorionic villus} can check trisomies and other chromosome defects {chorionic villus sampling}.
At 11 to 13 weeks, ultrasound testing {nuchal scan} {nuchal translucency test} can check fluid behind neck {nuchal fold} {nuchal translucency}. Trisomies tend to make high fluid. After 13 weeks, lymphatic system drains fluid.
At 15 to 20 weeks, testing maternal blood serum can check alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and unconjugated estriol (uE3) {maternal triple screening test}. For elevated protein levels, other tests can check trisomies and other chromosome defects.
At 15 to 20 weeks, testing maternal blood serum can check alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), unconjugated estriol (uE3), and inhibin A hormone {maternal quadruple screening test}. For elevated protein levels, other tests can check trisomies and other chromosome defects.
At 16 to 20 weeks, inserting a needle through abdomen into amniotic sac can withdraw 20 ml to test fetal cells for trisomies and other chromosome defects {amniocentesis}.
At 17 to 20 weeks, testing umbilical cord blood can check trisomies and other chromosome defects {percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling} {cordocentesis}.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225